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Naturalistic and
Participant - Oriented Evaluation Approach |
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Characteristics
 | Fuller, more holistic approach |
| Value pluralism recognized |
| Inductive reasoning |
| Multiplicity of data |
| No standard plan |
| Multiple rather than single realities |
Stake's Countenance Model
| Description |
| Judgment |
Stake's Countenance Model
| Provide background, justifications, and description of
program rationale |
| List intended antecedents, transactions, and outcomes |
| Record observed antecedents, transactions, and outcomes |
| Explicitly state standards for judging program
antecedents, transactions, and outcomes |
| Record judgments made about antecedent conditions,
transactions, and outcomes |
Transactional Evaluation
| Initial |
| Instrumentation |
| Program development |
| Program monitoring |
| Recycling |
Illuminative Evaluation
| Observation - to explore and become familiar with the
day-to-day reality of the setting being studied |
| Further inquiry - to focus study by inquiring further on
selected issues |
| Explanation - to seek to explain observed patterns and
cause-effect relationships |
Democratic Evaluation
| Bureaucratic evaluation |
| Autocratic evaluation |
| Democratic evaluation |
Responsive Evaluation
| Talk with clients, program staff, audiences |
| Identify program scope |
| Overview program activities |
| Discover purposes, concerns |
| Conceptualize issues, problems |
| Identify data needs, re. issues |
| Select observers, judges, instruments |
| Observe designated antecedents, transactions, and
outcomes |
| Thematize; Prepare portrayals, case studies |
| Validate, confirm, attempt to disconfirm |
| Winnow, format for audience use |
| Assemble formal reports |
Naturalistic Evaluation
| Descriptive information about the object of the
evaluation and its context |
| Information responsive to concerns |
| Information responsive to issues |
| Information about values |
| Information about standards to be used in the evaluation |
    
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